Journal: Journal of Advanced Research
Article Title: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor impairs HK2-controlled flux of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway to suppress NETosis in an N -glycosylation-dependent manner
doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2025.06.078
Figure Lengend Snippet: The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) acts as an E3 ligase to promote the ubiquitination of hexokinase-2 (HK2) and restrain glucose metabolism. (a-c) The neutrophils were treated with FICZ (100 nM), DIM (10 μM) or CH223191 (10 μM) at the present or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 μg/mL) or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA, 50 nM). The relative activity (a) as well as protein levels ( b, c ) of hexokinase 2 (HK2) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) were detected. (d-f) The HL60 cells were pre-transfected with pcDNA -HK2, incubated with 1.25 % dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and treated with FICZ (100 nM) and DIM (10 μM) at the present or absence of LPS (10 μg/mL) or PMA (50 nM). The activity of NE (d) and levels of UDP-GlcNAc (e) , HK2, PFK (f) were detected. (g) The neutrophils were treated with FICZ (100 nM) or DIM (10 μM) before receiving LPS (10 μg/mL) and CHX (15 μg/mL) for 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 h, and the protein level of HK2 was detected. (h, i) The neutrophils were treated with FICZ (100 nM), DIM (10 μM) or CH223191 (10 μM), and MG132 (25 μg/mL) or hydroxychloroquine (HCQ; 10 μM) were jointly given at the present or absence of LPS (10 μg/mL) or PMA (50 nM). The protein level (h) and ubiquitination (i) of HK2 was detected. (j, k) The neutrophils were treated with FICZ (100 nM), DIM (10 μM) or CH223191 (10 μM) at the present or absence of LPS (10 μg/mL). The co-localization of HK2 and PSMD2 was stained (scale bar: 5 μm) (j) . The mRNA levels of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 was detected (k) . (l) The HL60 cells were pre-transfected with shARNT, incubated with 1.25 % DMSO, treated with FICZ (100 nM) or DIM (10 μM) at the present or absence of LPS (10 μg/mL), and release of dsDNA was stained (scale bar = 50 μm). (m, n) The association of AhR and HK2 was simulated using molecular docking and the association of AhR and HK2 was detected. (o) The neutrophils were treated with FICZ (100 nM), DIM (10 μM) or CH223191 (10 μM) at the present or absence of LPS (10 μg/mL), and the association of ubiquitination at Lys 48 and Lys 63 of HK2 protein was detected. The data were presented as the means ± S.E.M. of three or five independent experiments. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 vs. Control group; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. LPS group; $ p < 0.05, $$ p < 0.01 vs. LPS + FICZ group; + p < 0.01, ++ p < 0.01 vs. LPS + DIM group.
Article Snippet: The human promyelocytic leukaemia cell line HL60 was obtained from Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China) and cultured in Iscove’s Modified Dulbecco’s Medium supplemented with 20 % fetal bovine serum at 37 °C.
Techniques: Ubiquitin Proteomics, Activity Assay, Transfection, Incubation, Staining, Control